Diagnostics of malfunctions of knots and car systems
The owners of cars who are carrying out procedures of routine maintenance of the car Routine maintenance of the real Management to graphics extremely seldom agrees given in Head will be compelled to address to materials of this section. Reliability of knots and the components established on modern cars is so high that at timely performance of replacement worn out and failed as a result of aging of a material of details the probability of their sudden refusal is smallest. Refusals extremely seldom occur spontaneously and usually of defect development (sometimes long) are a consequence. In particular, refusal of mechanical components is preceded always by emergence and development of the characteristic symptoms which are showing sometimes for many thousand kilometers of run to an exit of faulty knot out of operation. The same components which can fail unexpectedly usually are not vital for functioning of the main knots and car systems, or are easily replaced directly on the car in road conditions.
Fundamental step at identification of the reason of any refusal is the choice of a point of the beginning of searches. Often the reason appears rather obvious, however in certain cases it is necessary to work, making small investigation. The motorist who has made half-dozens of casual checks, replacements and corrections quite has chance to find a cause of failure (or its symptom), however in any way it is impossible to consider such approach reasonable, in view of its labor input and aimlessness of expenses of time and means. There is a quiet logic approach to search of the failed knot or a component much more effectively. Surely it is necessary to take into consideration everything preceding breakage, sometimes insignificant, symptoms and guarding signals, such as loss of capacity developed by the engine, change of indications of measuring instruments, emergence of unusual sounds and smells, etc. Do not forget that failure of such components as safety locks or spark plugs can be only a symptom more deeply the hidden violation.
Below rather simple scheme of diagnostics of most often occurring refusals is provided in this section. The reasons of violations and their symptoms are grouped in a sign of their relation to functioning of any concrete unit or system, for example: Engine, cooling System etc. In brackets references to the corresponding Chapters and the sections of the Management concerning functioning of components suspected of malfunction are given.
Regardless of the refusal nature identical base principles are put in a basis of investigation of its reason:
- Make sure of correctness of definition of symptoms of refusal. This means confidence of delimitation of the area of searches that is especially important with the help in refusal diagnostics to other motorist, which unable adequately to state symptoms of taking place violation.
- Try not to look through obvious violations. For example, if the engine is not started, do not hesitate to check availability of fuel in a fuel tank (thus it is not necessary to take on trust statements of the owner of the faulty car). In default electric equipments first of all it is necessary to check a condition and reliability of fastening of terminal connections of electroconducting, after it it is meaningful to get diagnostic devices.
- Try to eliminate a cause of failure, instead of its symptom. Replacement of the discharged battery new will help to make the engine start, however the taking place reason of a discharge of the old battery remains not eliminated that will lead to fast failure and new. Also replacement of the spark plugs filled in with oil (petrol engines) will allow to restore for some time serviceability of functioning of the engine, however its refusal by all means will soon repeat again (if the reason lay not simply in application of candles not that type).
- Do not take on trust any statements. Remember that the "new" component itself can appear faulty, in particular, if it long time lay in a luggage carrier - it is not necessary to exclude a component from the list checked only for the reason that it is new or is recently established. In case of neglect it is not necessary to be surprised with implementation of the made recommendation, when the cause of failure revealed at last will appear lying on a look from the very beginning.
Diagnostics of the general engine failures
The engine is not turned in attempt of its start
• Polar plugs of the battery are oxidized, or weakened fastening of tips of wires on them (address to Head Routine maintenance).
• The battery (is discharged or faulty see. Start and charge systems).
• Electroconducting of a chain of system of start is torn off or is otherwise damaged, or weakened fastening of plugs of contact connections (see. Start and charge systems).
• The traction relay or the ignition switch (is faulty see. Start and charge systems).
• The starter electromotor (is faulty see. Start and charge systems).
• A teeth of a driving gear wheel of a starter or a flywheel wreath (see appropriate section of Head Repair of the engine and the section ignition System - petrol models) are broken off or worn-out.
• The tire of grounding of the engine is torn off, or weakened its terminal connection (see. Start and charge systems).
The engine is turned, however is not started
• The fuel tank is empty.
• The battery (the engine is turned too slowly) (is discharged see. Start and charge systems).
• Polar plugs of the battery are oxidized, or weakened fastening of tips of wires on them (address to Head Routine maintenance).
• Components of system of ignition - petrol models (are humidified or damaged see. Routine maintenance of the car - petrol models and ignition System - petrol models).
• Electroconducting of a chain of system of ignition is torn off or is otherwise damaged, or weakened fastening of plugs of contact connections - petrol models (see. Routine maintenance of the car - petrol models and ignition System - petrol models).
• Spark plugs are worn-out or damaged, or installation of interelectrode gaps - petrol models (address to Head Routine maintenance) is broken.
• The preheat system - diesel models (is faulty see. Preheat system - diesel models).
• The system of injection of fuel - petrol models (is faulty see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• The electromagnetic locking valve - diesel models (is faulty see. Systems of decrease in toxicity and production of the fulfilled gases).
• Air got to a power supply system - diesel models (see. A power supply system - diesel models).
• Mechanical damage of the engine (for example, a camshaft drive) (see appropriate section of Head engine Repair) takes place.
Start of the cold engine is complicated
• The battery (is discharged see. Start and charge systems).
• Polar plugs of the battery are oxidized, or weakened fastening of tips of wires on them (address to Head Routine maintenance).
• Spark plugs are worn-out or damaged, or installation of interelectrode gaps - petrol models (is broken see. Routine maintenance of the car - petrol models).
• The preheat system - diesel models (is faulty see. Preheat system - diesel models).
• The system of injection of fuel - petrol models (is faulty see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• The ignition system - petrol models (is faulty see. Routine maintenance of the car - petrol models and ignition System - petrol models).
• Adjustment of the valve of turns of fast idling - diesel models (is broken see. A power supply system - diesel models).
• Kompressionny pressure (see appropriate section of Head engine Repair) fell.
Start of the hot engine is complicated
• The filtering element of an air purifier is polluted, or its passableness (address to Head Routine maintenance) is otherwise broken.
• The system of injection of fuel - petrol models (is faulty see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• Kompressionny pressure (fell see. The repair procedures which are not demanding extraction of the engine from the car - petrol engines or the Repair procedures which are not demanding extraction of the engine from the car - diesel engines).
Starter input in gearing is complicated, or is accompanied by extraneous noise
• Teeths of a driving gear wheel of a starter or a flywheel wreath (see appropriate section of Head Repair of the engine and the section ignition System - petrol models) are broken off or worn-out.
• Weakened or blurt out bolts of fastening of a starter (see. Start and charge systems).
• Internal components of a starter (are worn-out or damaged see. Start and charge systems).
The engine is started, but at once глохнет
• Electroconducting of a chain of system of ignition is torn off or is otherwise damaged, or weakened fastening of plugs of contact connections - petrol models (see. Routine maintenance of the car - petrol models and ignition System - petrol models).
• Depression losses on the case of a throttle or the inlet pipeline - petrol models (take place see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• Passableness of an injector / is broken the system of injection of fuel - petrol models (is faulty see. A power supply system - petrol models).
Stability of turns of idling is broken
• The filtering element of an air purifier (address to Head Routine maintenance) is blocked.
• Depression losses on the throttle case, the inlet pipeline or through connecting hoses - petrol models (take place see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• Spark plugs are worn-out or damaged, or installation of interelectrode gaps - petrol models (is broken see. Routine maintenance of the car - petrol models).
• Fell, or kompressionny pressure (see appropriate section of Head engine Repair) is non-uniformly distributed between cylinders.
• Working ledges of cams of a camshaft (are worn-out see. The repair procedures which are not demanding extraction of the engine from the car - petrol engines or the Repair procedures which are not demanding extraction of the engine from the car - diesel engines).
• The tightness of a belt/chain of a drive of GRM (is incorrectly adjusted see. The repair procedures which are not demanding extraction of the engine from the car - petrol engines or the Repair procedures which are not demanding extraction of the engine from the car - diesel engines).
• Passableness of an injector (ов) / is broken the system of injection of fuel - petrol models (is faulty see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• The nozzle (and) fuel injection - diesel models (is faulty see. A power supply system - diesel models).
Ignition admissions take place at single turns of the engine
• Spark plugs are worn-out or damaged, or installation of interelectrode gaps - petrol models (is broken see. Routine maintenance of the car - petrol models).
• VV of a wire of spark plugs - petrol models (are faulty see. Routine maintenance of the car - petrol models).
• Depression losses on the throttle case, the inlet pipeline or through connecting hoses - petrol models (take place see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• Passableness of an injector (ов) / is broken the system of injection of fuel - petrol models (A power supply system - petrol models) is faulty.
• The nozzle (and) fuel injection - diesel models (is faulty see. A power supply system - diesel models).
• Fell, or kompressionny pressure (see appropriate section of Head engine Repair) is non-uniformly distributed between cylinders.
• Hoses of system of ventilation of a case (are damaged, worn-out or were disconnected see. Systems of decrease in toxicity and production of the fulfilled gases).
Admissions of ignition take place at movement on transfer
• Passableness of the fuel filter (address to Head Routine maintenance) is broken.
• The fuel pump is faulty, or the pressure developed by it - petrol models (fell see. A power supply system - petrol models or the Power supply system - diesel models).
• Ventilation of a fuel tank is broken, or gasoline pipe lines (are blocked see. A power supply system - petrol models or the Power supply system - diesel models).
• Depression losses on the throttle case, the inlet pipeline or through connecting hoses - petrol models (take place see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• Spark plugs are worn-out or damaged, or installation of interelectrode gaps - petrol models (is broken see. Routine maintenance of the car - petrol models).
• VV of a wire of spark plugs - petrol models (are faulty see. Routine maintenance of the car - petrol models).
• The nozzle (and) fuel injection - diesel models (is faulty see. A power supply system - diesel models).
• The ignition coil - petrol models (is faulty see. Ignition system - petrol models).
• Fell, or kompressionny pressure (see appropriate section of Head engine Repair) is non-uniformly distributed between cylinders.
• Passableness of an injector (ов) / is broken the system of injection of fuel - petrol models (is faulty see. A power supply system - petrol models).
Stability of turns of the engine is broken during acceleration
• Spark plugs are worn-out or damaged, or installation of interelectrode gaps - petrol models (is broken see. Routine maintenance of the car - petrol models).
• Depression losses on the throttle case, the inlet pipeline or through connecting hoses - petrol models (take place see. A power supply system - petrol models or the Power supply system - diesel models).
• Passableness of an injector (ов) / is broken the system of injection of fuel - petrol models (is faulty see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• The nozzle (and) fuel injection - diesel models (is faulty see. A power supply system - diesel models).
Engine spontaneously глохнет
• Depression losses on the throttle case, the inlet pipeline or through connecting hoses - petrol models (take place see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• Passableness of the fuel filter (address to Head Routine maintenance) is broken.
• The fuel pump is faulty, or the pressure developed by it - petrol models (fell see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• Ventilation of a fuel tank is broken, or gasoline pipe lines (are blocked see. A power supply system - petrol models or the Power supply system - diesel models).
• Passableness of an injector (ов) / is broken the system of injection of fuel - petrol models (is faulty see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• The nozzle (and) fuel injection - diesel models (is faulty see. A power supply system - diesel models).
The capacity developed by the engine fell
• It is incorrectly established a belt/chain of a drive of GRM, or adjustment of effort of its tension (see appropriate section of Head engine Repair) is broken.
• Passableness of the fuel filter (address to Head Routine maintenance) is broken.
• The fuel pump is faulty, or the pressure developed by it - petrol models (fell see. A power supply system - petrol models or the Power supply system - diesel models).
• Fell, or kompressionny pressure (see appropriate section of Head engine Repair) is non-uniformly distributed between cylinders.
• Spark plugs are worn-out or damaged, or installation of interelectrode gaps - petrol models (is broken see. Routine maintenance of the car - petrol models).
• Depression losses on the throttle case, the inlet pipeline or through connecting hoses - petrol models (take place see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• Passableness of an injector (ов) / is broken the system of injection of fuel - petrol models (is faulty see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• The nozzle (and) fuel injection - diesel models (is faulty see. A power supply system - diesel models).
• Installation of phases of injection of TNVD - diesel models (is broken see. A power supply system - diesel models).
• Brakes (are taken see. Heads Flowing обслуживаниеи Brake system).
• Coupling (revolves see. Head Coupling).
There are "shots" in system of production of the fulfilled gases
• It is incorrectly established a belt/chain of a drive of GRM, or adjustment of effort of its tension (is broken see. The repair procedures which are not demanding extraction of the engine from the car - petrol engines).
• Depression losses on the throttle case, the inlet pipeline or through connecting hoses - petrol models (take place see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• Passableness of an injector (ов) / is broken the system of injection of fuel - petrol models (is faulty see. A power supply system - petrol models).
The control lamp of pressure of oil continues to burn at the working engine
• Oil level fell, or oil not that grade (address to Head Routine maintenance) is filled.
• The sensor switch of a control lamp of pressure of oil (is faulty see. Start and charge systems).
• Bearings of the engine and/or the oil pump (are worn-out see. Removal and major maintenance of the engine).
• The working temperature of the engine (is excessively high see. Head of System of cooling, heating).
• The reduktsionny valve of pressure of oil (is faulty see. The repair procedures which are not demanding extraction of the engine from the car - petrol engines or the Repair procedures which are not demanding extraction of the engine from the car - diesel engines).
• Passableness of the mesh filter of a maslozabornik (is broken see. The repair procedures which are not demanding extraction of the engine from the car - petrol engines or the Repair procedures which are not demanding extraction of the engine from the car - diesel engines).
The engine continues to work after ignition switching off
• The excessive nagaroobrazovaniye in the engine (takes place see. Removal and major maintenance of the engine).
• The working temperature of the engine (is excessively high see. Head of System of cooling, heating).
• The system of injection of fuel - petrol models (is faulty see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• The locking valve breaker of shutdown of supply of fuel - diesel engines (is faulty see. A power supply system - diesel models).
Extraneous noise at operation of the engine
The knocks caused by too early ignition or a detonation during acceleration or at increase of loading
• Installation of a corner of an advancing of ignition / is broken the ignition system - petrol models (is faulty see. Routine maintenance of the car - petrol models and ignition System - petrol models).
• Spark plugs not that type - petrol engines (address to Head Routine maintenance) are established.
• Fuel not that grade (address to Head Routine maintenance) is filled.
• Depression losses on the throttle case, the inlet pipeline or through connecting hoses - petrol models (take place see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• The excessive nagaroobrazovaniye in the engine (takes place see. Removal and major maintenance of the engine).
• Passableness of an injector (ов) / is broken the system of injection of fuel - petrol models (is faulty see. A power supply system - petrol models).
Whistle or sipeniye
• Depression losses on the throttle case, the inlet pipeline or through connecting hoses - petrol models (take place see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• Leakages of the fulfilled gases in system of release or through a joint of a reception pipe with a final collector (see appropriate section of Head of the Power supply system and release) take place.
• Depression losses through vacuum hoses (see appropriate section of Head of the Power supply system and release) take place.
• Laying of a head of cylinders (is punched see. The repair procedures which are not demanding extraction of the engine from the car - petrol engines or the Repair procedures which are not demanding extraction of the engine from the car - diesel engines).
Gnash or roar
• Components of a drive of valves or a camshaft (are worn-out see. The repair procedures which are not demanding extraction of the engine from the car - petrol engines or the Repair procedures which are not demanding extraction of the engine from the car - diesel engines).
• Auxiliary units (the water pump, the generator, etc.) (are faulty see. Heads of System of cooling, heating, engine Electric equipment etc.).
Deaf knock
• Bearings of the bottom heads of rods (the regular heavy knock sometimes decreasing at increase of loading) (are worn-out see. Removal and major maintenance of the engine).
• Radical bearings of a cranked shaft (a roar which is probably amplifying with increase of loading) (are worn-out see. Removal and major maintenance of the engine).
• Knock of pistons (it is most intensive at the cold engine) (see. Removal and major maintenance of the engine).
• Auxiliary units (the water pump, the generator, etc.) (are faulty see. Heads of System of cooling, heating, engine Electric equipment etc.).
Diagnostics of malfunctions of system of cooling
Overheat
• Level of cooling liquid fell in system (address to Head Routine maintenance).
• The thermostat (is faulty see. Head of System of cooling, heating).
• Passableness of a radiator is broken or its lattice (is blocked see. Head of System of cooling, heating).
• The thermosensitive sensor switch of the electric fan of system of cooling (is faulty see. Head of System of cooling, heating).
• The radiator cover (is damaged see. Head of System of cooling, heating).
• Installation of a corner of an advancing of ignition / is broken the ignition system - petrol models (is faulty see. Routine maintenance of the car - petrol models or ignition System - petrol models).
• Indications of the sensor of temperature (are inexact see. Head of System of cooling, heating).
• The path of system of cooling is blocked by an air stopper (address to Head Routine maintenance).
Overcooling
• The thermostat (is faulty see. Head of System of cooling, heating).
• Indications of the sensor of temperature (are inexact see. Head of System of cooling, heating).
External leakages of cooling liquid take place
• Hoses or shlangovy collars (address to Head Routine maintenance) are damaged mechanically or as a result of material aging.
• The radiator or the heater heat exchanger (is damaged see. Head of System of cooling, heating).
• The radiator cover (is faulty see. Head of System of cooling, heating).
• The epiploon of the water pump (is damaged see. Head of System of cooling, heating).
• There was a boiling up of cooling liquid as a result of an overheat (see. Head of System of cooling, heating).
• Vyzhimny jams of a water shirt of the block of the engine (are damaged see. Removal and major maintenance of the engine).
Internal leakages of cooling liquid take place
• Laying of a head of cylinders (is punched see. Head engine Repair).
• The head of cylinders or the block (is burst see. Head engine Repair).
Strong corrosion of components takes place
• The oporozhneniye and washing of system of cooling (address to Head Routine maintenance) are insufficiently often made.
• Water and antifreeze are incorrectly mixed, or antifreeze not that grade (address to Head Routine maintenance) is applied.
Diagnostics of malfunctions of power supply systems and production of the fulfilled gas
Fuel consumption is excessive
• The filtering element of an air purifier is polluted or its passableness (address to Head Routine maintenance) is otherwise broken.
• The system of injection of fuel - petrol models (is faulty see. A power supply system - petrol models).
• The nozzle (and) - diesel models (is faulty see. A power supply system - diesel models).
• Installation of a corner of an advancing of ignition / is broken the ignition system - petrol models (is faulty see. Head Flowing обслуживаниеи the section ignition System - petrol models).
• Pressure of a rating of tires (address to Head Routine maintenance) does not suffice.
Leakages of fuel take place, or distinctly smells as gasoline
• The fuel tank, gasoline pipe lines or shtutserny connections (are damaged mechanically or as a result of corrosion development see. Head of the Power supply system and release).
It is excessively noisy works or the system of production of the fulfilled gases smokes
• Leakages of the fulfilled gases through joints of a final collector or sections of system of release (take place see. Head of the Power supply system and release).
• Exhaust silencers or pipes of system of release (are damaged mechanically or as a result of corrosion development see. Heads Flowing обслуживаниеи the Power supply system and relea | 